Skip to main content
← Tech Stackups News
On Hacker News

Why are cells small?

158
points
72
comments
0
notable voices

The 5-second version

  • Cells face a fundamental surface area-to-volume constraint where volume grows cubically while surface area grows only quadratically, limiting nutrient intake and waste removal as cells enlarge.
  • Diffusion speed imposes strict size limits because molecules move slowly through crowded cytoplasm, with proteins taking milliseconds to cross a bacterium but hours to cross a centimeter.
  • Cell shape adaptations like red blood cells' biconcave discs increase surface area without increasing volume, optimizing gas exchange within physical constraints.
  • Eukaryotes overcome size limitations through compartmentalization via organelles, which reduces diffusion distances by localizing specific molecular interactions.
  • Exceptions like Thiomargarita magnifica exploit structural innovations—such as pushing cytoplasm to the periphery—to bypass normal size constraints while still obeying underlying physics.

Top voices

Verbatim comments from the thread's most notable / highest-karma participants.

magicalhippo18.1k karma
Rather large gas tank: Collected and stored sediment samples were found to have surviving T. namibiensis cells after over two years. The cells had no access to any added sulfide or nitrate during this time. In the surviving cells, there was a notable size decrease. To survive without growing the cells depended on the nutrient stores of the central vacuoles.
Read on HN ↗
al_borland11.5k karma
I had to go look this up, as I had heard the egg thing my whole life and just accepted it. It turns out the oocyte is the single cell inside the egg, which for birds is significantly larger than a typical cell. So in that respect, the cell in a bird egg is very large. However, compared to the egg itself, it's tiny. The yolk and whites in the egg are all to provide nutrients as it grows, if fertilized.
Read on HN ↗
Imnimo8.6k karma
This reminds me also of this paper: https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1115585109 "The allocation of all metabolic resources to maintenance purposes limits the size of the smallest prokaryotes and largest unicellular eukaryotes, whereas an inability to meet the ever-increasing biosynthesis rates limits the largest prokaryotes and smallest unicellular eukaryotes. Metabolic constraints for larger eukaryotes are relieved by alternative reproductive strategies and multicellularity."
Read on HN ↗
lukan6.7k karma2 comments
I also got curious, this is the most personal comment I could find https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44498083 Funny, but might as well be generic, trained from reddit comments. What a time we live in.
Read on HN ↗